Essay on Parent, Child with Learning Disorders - 1341 Words

Examine how Shakespeare creates dramatic tension at the lovers’ first meeting in Act 1 Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet. How easy is it to relate to them? Act 1 Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet is one of the most important scenes in the play because it is the scene where Romeo and Juliet first meet. The play is fundamentally about two families: the Montague’s and the Capulet’s. It is during Act 1 Scene 5 where they first fall in love; however, they’re unaware that they are from their rival families, which creates dramatic tension. From the very beginning, the prologue informs us that this play is going to be a tragedy; therefore we know that this will create tension within the scene because we are told that when Romeo and Juliet first†¦show more content†¦They would also be a little tense for the reason that Tybalt could start a fight, like in Act 1 Scene 1. His anger and frustrations is one of the emotionally heightened moments during the scene which contrasts with Romeo and Juliet’s emotion of love. The audience will surely feel Tybalt’s contained hate and when they witness Juliet fall ing in love with a Montague it will cause plenty of tension. The speech he makes when he first sees Juliet hints that’s he’s falling in love with her; he uses a metaphor to describe her: â€Å"She doth teach the torches to burn bright!† This emphasizes Juliet’s beauty shines much brighter than that of torches – telling us she’s beautiful. (Light bulbs weren’t invented back in the 16th century and torches were the brightest thing on the Earth so Romeo uses a torch as the subject of the metaphor). She is so much brighter that she teaches the torches how to shine brightly. It’s a poetic exaggeration since torches can’t be taught. 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The Gap Of The Achievement Gap - 917 Words

The achievement gap is the education gap between the performance group of students in which these groups are usually defined by their social status, race or gender. The education experts proved that this gap had a negative impact on the students of the new generation as most of them tend to believe that this gap couldn t be changed and that their life success and learning will be depending on their social status, race or gender. This gap not only affects students, but also affects everyone in the community as the academic achievement is linked to some problems like lower life time earnings, an increase dependence on social services and increase rate of crimes. Education experts believes that the only way to solve this gap issue is by the help of the community as the whole not just the help of the schools and teachers. 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Biographical Sketch Free Essays

Growing up in the United States has always been both challenging and equally interesting. Born over twenty years ago, I am one person who can be described as having a serious approach towards important issues in life. Issues and events that have come to build who I am today. We will write a custom essay sample on Biographical Sketch or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have always been a big dreamer and all my efforts have been geared towards fulfilling these dreams. The greater the dream, the more the challenge and effort employed to accomplish it. As a kid, I grew up in a neighborhood inhabited by people of diverse cultures and background. My early childhood studies were uneventful and as far as I can recall I have never had a problem with bad grades. This excellent performance trend would further be continued in my high school days clipping a number of awards. This good performance in my academics, I can attribute to a good family background. My parents are staunch Christians who religiously believe in imparting the best values and life to their children. Although this strictness may at times have cost me a few good times with my friends, I don’t complain much as I can see where it has led me. They brought me up as a self-motivated and independent minded person and these qualities I continue to apply in my life up to date. It is this independence and hard work that would lead me to acquire a job in a grocery store, where out of a belief in diligence and work ethics, I would be promoted to a manager after a record one year. Later after the store was closed, I was to secure a job as a clerk in the local post office, a post that I still hold today and run concurrently with my studies. I have also acquired strong interpersonal skills that have seen me expand my social network. My ability to converse in both Polish and English is my strong point as it has enabled me to extend my interactions beyond borders. My love for knowledge is the main driving force behind my enrolment in education programs and as they say, the sky is the limit. Abraham Lincoln once said â€Å" And in the end, it is not the years in your life that count, it’s the life in your years† (Jone J. L. , 2006) I have also vowed to make the best out of this life Reference Jone Johnson Lewis, 2006. Life Quotes from wisdom quotas. Quotations to inspire and challenge. Retrieved on 14/11/07 from http://www. wisdomquotes. com/cat-life. html How to cite Biographical Sketch, Papers Biographical Sketch Free Essays On the outside, I appear as a typical plain teenager who had already learned to cope with and comfortable living the life of an American youth. After coming to this nation four years ago, I can truly say that I have already adopted some of the local culture and tradition. My interaction with fellow teenagers has made me less discriminatory and more open-minded to ideas I previously considered unacceptable. We will write a custom essay sample on Biographical Sketch or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am now more confident in speaking English even though it is not my native tongue. My stay in the US has acquainted me with people who have freed me from my idealism to become more realistic and unbiased without compromising my moral standards. Amidst all these changes, inside me is still that person who came from Poland four years to pursue my dream. I am still that same person who is determined and committed to life-long learning both inside the four-walls of the classroom and through my social interactions. I still see this university as a venue to cultivate my skills and broaden my knowledge with my peers acting as enhancers and motivators. I still believe that aside from enriching my academic knowledge through the theoretical concepts that I am discovering in class, maturity and development of character are still the most important lessons that I am acquiring. I am very much motivated to excel in the career path that I chose and this motivation will nurture my passion. Some things might have changed after four years of staying here. Yet, I am still aware of the fact that even though I speak English fluently, I still think in Polish. Even though I am already used to having burgers and fries during meals, I will still have a craving for the native delicacies. However, one this has never changed—my passion for learning and my yearning to become the best person that I can be through moral development. How to cite Biographical Sketch, Papers

Strategic Management Tools and Techniques

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management Tools and Techniques. Answer: Strategy Strategy in a business refers to the plan in any organization, in such a way to accomplish the goals. It also refers to accomplish the goals in time with a proper planning. Need of strategy Strategy is important for every business. A company without the strategy does not have its defined goals and therefore it will not follow a right path to obtain its goals. Without strategy they will get away from their task and will become uncompetitive. Basically strategies are the different ideas which are created by the company to do work in a proper manner. Like in Air Asia, their strategy was to use the low airfare to attract more customers (Bradley, 2017). So, they have made plans to how to reduce the air fares. These types of plans are referred to as strategies. Organizations functional level strategies In an organization, plans are prepared to gain in the field of the production, grow financially and satisfy the customers. These are prepared separately and function with respect to their individual unit like in production plans are prepared regarding raw materials, execution and assembling. So, therefore plans are prepared according to the work and to achieve the goals. In an organization like Air Asia their strategy initially was to ensure a low airfare airline. They started with the aim of reducing the airfare. They had made plans to do so, by reducing the cost per average seat. Therefore, at the starting they were having 51000 passengers a day with 54 fleets. Their fare was 50 Ringgit which was less than $ 15 (Casadesus-Masanell Ricart, 2009). This has been the lowest airfare ever offered in 2007. This strategy of low fare helped them to rise, as a proper plan was made and was accomplished in a proper manner. After that their main aim was to focus on increasing their fleets. The y have almost tripled their fleets in 2014 by gaining 180 planes. Strategic Management Strategic management is basically management of the customers within respect to customer needs, satisfy those needs, satisfy customers with respect to prices and developing strategies to do so. Therefore, the managers of the organization, look for the different techniques and make plans to achieve the goals. Management provides the direction, so as the policies should be implemented (McGahan McGahan, 2006). These policies help in good organization performance. Organizational performance is the main part of the strategic management. Therefore, strategies are made to improve the organization performance. Strategic management had played an important role in Air Asia. Initially they aimed at reducing the airfare per passenger. After that the aim was to increase the number of fleets and number of passengers. From 2007 to 2014 the aims were accomplished and there was an impressive growth of the Air Asia in that period. Strategic management has played an important role in the growth (Anna, 2015). Strategic Planning Strategic planning is the process in which an organization determines what are its main goals and do the planning to achieve these goals. Planning helps in analyzing of day to day work and helps in doing the work in a proper format. It helps everybody in understanding the common goal of the organization. It gives a clear view of the goals and the policies of the company which are made for the good organizational performance (McIlquham-Schmidt, 2010). Like as in Air Asia, a proper plan was made and the work is done according to that plan. Planning is the initial and most important part in making and growth in a company. Strategic Agility Strategic agility is defined as the ability of the companies to be competitive and adapt new ideas and innovations in the company to create new products and to satisfy customers according to their needs. The need of competitiveness comes from the surrounding environment in which the company is working and what is the main aim or the goals of the company. The surrounding or the same level of company gives a competitive environment and new innovations help the companies to get upgraded. Strategic Agility helps in the survival and growth of the company (Mavengere, 2013). Organisations' competitive advantage A competitive advantage is an advantage gained by a company over its competitors by providing them similar things or similar products at lower prices. This gives an advantage to a company over the competitor company. This advantage will give growth to the organization. Therefore, for the successful expansion of the business, the organization has to gain some advantage over the competitors to build up their customers. It is a single key constituent to the company success and provide a greater advantage to the company. A similar to that of Air Asia has given its customers the advantage of low fare. It has the lowest fares with its competitors in the market with similar benefits and services (Gautam Singh, 2009). So, the expansion of the business was very rapid in the case of Air Asia. In 2007 they had only 54 fleets and in 2014 it became 180, so the expansion was very rapid due to the advantage given by Air Asia. Sustenance of competitive advantage The competitive advantage is sustained as long as the competitor company does not get that advantage. If other companies also get the same competitive advantage the sustainability comes into doubt. But, if the other competitors simultaneously get the same advantage, but the benefits of that company are not similar then the advantage will sustain. The competitive advantages are sustained if a firm has a firstly valuable product in less price or we can say that the similar benefits to its customers in same price. Therefore, it will gain an advantage and will not have any threats from its competitors (Popa Dobrin, 2011). The second will be the product or the benefit is rare among the competitors. Thirdly, the benefit could not be copied easily. And lastly, that there should not be any other substitute for the similar benefit or the product. If these benefits are incorporated by the company the advantage can be sustained longer. Likely to that of Air Asia, it had a unique and rare advan tage to its competitor Malaysia Airlines. The fares to the Air Asia, was initially in 1996 was not that much lower. So initially it does not gain any advantage, but later in 2001 it reduced its fare, which was a considerably low as that of the Malaysia Airlines. This made a competitive advantage for the Air Asia. There were similar benefits given to the passengers as that of Malaysia Airlines but at a lower cost. So, the advantage sustained as no potential company took over the similar advantage of lowering the price as that of the Air Asia. Organizations Environment: Internal and External Analysis Organization environment consists of both external and internal factors. These factors are important to analyze the present problems and the future success of the organization. These are important to determine the factors which will be responsible for the growth and success of the company. Basically, this analysis plays a very important role in the growth of the company. The analysis helps us to determine the internal as well as external factors that will help in the growth of the organization. Internal analysis This analysis helps in the scanning of the internal environment of the organization. It refers to the interaction between the employees, managers, head of the company. Meetings and discussions are used to analyze the internal environment of the organization. Internal environment helps in evaluating the capabilities and competencies. It also helps in looking forward to the strategies, goals and developing innovative strategies to accomplish the goals. It gives the organization a platform to identify the weakness and strengths of an organization and to focus on the strategies which will help overcome the weaknesses. Therefore, internal analysis helps in following ways: Identifying the weakness and strengths of the organization. Helps in determining the capabilities of the organization regarding the current market opening. Evaluating the efficiency of the company. Identifying the area which can give the company advantage over the competitors (Andrei, Claudiu, Gabriela, 2011). Air Asia initially was at a loss as the key feature in their marketing was the only the difference between the fare. But the difference was not most effective to attract the customers. Therefore, by analyzing the key factors and by making the best strategies, Air Asia became one of the best used flights. By lowering the airfare it has gained the competitive advantage and so does the growth. External environment analysis Due to the competition the external environment becomes one of the most important feature to analyze. As working in the similar area, it is important to determine the needs of the customers and to work on that for gaining the competitive advantage. The external environment is dynamic and therefore analysis is very important so as to maintain the position in the market. Organizations have to be aware of the external environment and have to determine the threats that are from the competitors who can acquire the market. External analysis consists of the factors that include competitors, customers and resources (Pakkanen, 2012). Competitors Due to the increase in the competition, it is necessary to identify the competitions of the organization. The competitors are the organizations who deal in the similar products or similar services in the same market area. For an organization, it is important to analyze the skills and size of the competitor. This will help in gaining the advantage over the competitors. Customers Customers are the most important and critical aspect of an organization. Customers should be most valuable for an organization as they are the ones with whom the organization is growing, so the organization should satisfy the needs of the customers. Customers focusses mainly on the lower price of the product or services in lower prices. An organization has to work on the similar grounds to make or to provide services at lower prices to satisfy the customers (Munich Personal, 2017). Also, they should design, user friendly and innovative products or services to attract the customers. Resources An organization depends upon the availability of resources for its working these resources are financial, raw materials and skilled employees. Financial resources provide an operational support to an organization. For a new growing organization, it is important to have financial support so that it could add up the resources to grow. Every organization requires raw materials for making the products and providing services. If the supply of the materials is barred, then it is difficult for an organization to provide service to the customers. Raw materials include subparts, work sent on the lease or the space occupied on lease. Also skilled workers are important so as to increase the growth of the company. As the competition increases the new trends in the market comes. Therefore, to innovate new products and to provide services efficiently skilled workers are very important. Similar to Air Asia, the external and internal factors have affected a lot. Internal factors were like developing strategies for reducing the fares and providing the customers the best services. Whereas the external factors were the political factors like a Malaysian government was supportive to Air Asia in domestic routes. So this acted as a support from the external environment. External factors like competitors like Malaysia airlines was having its fare higher. So, this factor also helped Air Asia to grow by keeping their fares low. Generic Strategy applied on Air Asia Generic strategy is given by Porter so that a company can use them to gain from the strategy. This strategy is based on low cost, focus and differentiation. Low cost strategy involves the lowering of the cost of services or the price of the product. Differentiation focus on the innovation that is different in terms of technology in the product or innovation in the service provided to the customers. Whereas, focus strategy is based on entering the market by concentrating on its resources (Budhiarta, 2009). However, the generic strategy applied by Air Asia focuses on the cost of the services provided by the organization. Air Asia was the low cost airline originated in Malaysia. In the year 1996, the airfare of Air Asia was not much differentiating as compared to its competitive airline that was Malaysian Airlines. Then, the Air Asia undergoes a major transformation that turned into a low fare airline with high profits from a non profit airline, It adopted the low cost generic strategy. Air Asia was inspired by an Irish airline called Ryaniar which was a low fare airline. After that in the year 2001, the air Asia reduced the fare of its airlines and it was about $ 15. This made a great change to the airlines. At that time Air Asia had 54 fleets with 51000 passengers travelling, but the fleets increased to 180 in the year 2014. The Air Asias revenue model was based on relatives and visiting friends and small business travelers. The revenue formula followed the low fare approach. Only online bookings were done on the internet only. And to enhance simplicity ticket less travel was the main focus. The competitor of Air Asia was Malaysian Airlines, whose fare was quite high with respect to that of Air Asia. So, the Air Asia took the advantage of the competitors so as to take control over the market. Air Asia was lowest airfare airline in the year 2007 and has recorded a good profit. Michael Porters Five forces Michael five forces analysis the competition in the market. Here is Porters five forces analysis on AirAsia. This tool was developed by Michael E Porter in 1980. It is the analysis of the forces that affect the competition in an industry and its profitability. The forces are as follows: Bargaining power of supplier (Weak force) Bargaining power of buyers (Moderate force) Level of competition rivalry (Strong force) Threat of substitutes (Moderate force) Threat of new entrants (Weak force) Suppliers affects the business through the availability of the raw material. Raw material for Air Asia is a land on lease, services provided by the airlines, etc. So, it is useful to tackle the suppliers influence on industry environment. Due to the some external forces the weak bargaining power of the suppliers is created which are large population of the suppliers, moderate size of individual suppliers and high overall supply. Due to the high competition in the area of suppliers the organization is least affected from individual suppliers. Therefore, moderate size of individual suppliers does not affect the business because of moderate influence. Therefore, this element of the Five Forces Analysis shows that Air Asia experiences only a weak force representing the bargaining power of suppliers (Afshar, 2013). Customer directly influences the business, so this element of the force shows that how important customer preferences is important for a business. It also determines the competitiveness of the industry. There are external factors that contribute to the bargaining power of the customers. These are low switching cost, moderate substitute availability and small size of individual buyers. The cost is a main factor. Low switching cost enables a customer to take services from other airlines. The moderate availability of substitutes give customers other options to that of Air Asia. But, the small size of the individual does not that much affect the company. These external factors lead to moderate bargaining of the customers. This element of the Five Forces Analysis shows that the force of customers is a major consideration in Air Asia as the customers help in the growth of the organization. This element shows how competition influences the industry. There is a tough competition in taking the market shares of each other. Airlines like Malaysia Airlines show a tough competition. Air Asia should focus on the market development and services to the customer, so as to take this advantage to gain market share. A competitive advantage is must to gain the market share. Air Asia gained the advantage of low fare. But, to remain in market different strategies has to be developed to gain market share (Nurul, 2012). Substitutes pose a threat to the every organization. Air Asia is a leading player in Malaysia, but many substitutes are posing the competition for it. This element identifies the force of substitution in the global market. But, due to the moderate availability of the substitutes the threat is also moderate. There are substitutes for the Air Asia. But due to moderate performance and high price of the substitute compared to Air Asia, customers likelihood is weak. If the substitute also lowers cost it adds a point to the likelihood. Therefore, substitute exert a moderate force against Air Asia. The new entrants threat is considered to be low. As the new business, investment is not done at very large scale. The high cost of brand development makes it difficult to pose a threat to a big airline like Air Asia. Also new entrants require skilled workers and investment which takes time. Conclusion For an organization like Air Asia to grow there must be an advantage over the competitors which help in the growth of the organization. Also, the sustenance of the advantage is necessary so as to maintain the position in the market. Any organization should follow a different strategy that makes it unique from other organization. These advantages have made customers to get more attracted towards the organization which will result in the profit and growth of the organization. References Afshar, M. (2013, October 02). Porter's five forces and value chain model AirAsia. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/mariammana/task2-tc644mariam-afsharp67787 Andrei, P., Claudiu, C., Gabriela, P. (2011). Internal environment analysis techniques. Retrieved from https://steconomiceuoradea.ro/anale/volume/2011/n2/105.pdf Anna, A. (2015, September). Strategic Management Tools and Techniques and Organizational Performance: Findings from the Czech Republic. Journal of Competitiveness , 7(3), 19 - 36. Retrieved from https://www.cjournal.cz/files/193.pdf Bradley, J. (2017). Functional Business Strategy. Retrieved from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/functional-business-strategy-61991.html Budhiarta, R. (2009). Air Asia Strategic Analysis. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/doc/14214973/Air-Asia-Strategic-Analysis Casadesus-Masanell, R., Ricart, J. (2009). From Strategy to Business Models and to Tactics. HBR. Retrieved from https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/10-036.pdf Gautam, O., Singh, V. (2009). Competitive Advantage through Sustainability: Value Chain Approach Frontier for Organisations. Gurukul Kangri University. Retrieved from https://www.imtnagpur.ac.in/pdf/working%20papers/working%20papers%20icsms/Prof.Omvir%20Gautam.pdf Mavengere, N. (2013). Information Systems Role in Strategic Agility. A supply chain context, University of Tampere. Retrieved from https://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/94651/978-951-44-9291-4.pdf;sequence=1 McGahan, J., McGahan, A. (2006). The Field of Strategic Management within the Evolving Science of Strategic Organization. Boston University. Retrieved from https://business.illinois.edu/working_papers/papers/06-0119.pdf McIlquham-Schmidt, A. (2010). Strategic planning and corporate performance. What is the relationship? . Aarhus University, Department of Management . Retrieved from https://www.hha.dk/man/cmsdocs/WP/2010/wp2010_02.pdf Munich Personal. (2017). The Impact Of External Environment On Organizational Development Strategy. Retrieved from https://www.techrepublic.com/resource-library/whitepapers/the-impact-of-external-environment-on-organizational-development-strategy/ Nurul. (2012, February 16). Porter's 5 forces analysis on Air Asia. Retrieved from https://nurul-nurulshark18.blogspot.in/2012/02/porters-5-forces-analysis-on-air-asia.html Pakkanen, T. (2012). Internal and external analysis. Retrieved from https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/51954/Pakkanen_Tia-Maria.pdf?sequence=1 Popa, I., Dobrin, C. (2011, November). Competitive advantage in the public sector. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 6(4), 1-7. Retrieved from https://www.um.ase.ro/no64/5.pdf

The Original of Laura Review Essay Example

The Original of Laura Review Paper Essay on The Original of Laura Please do not judge me harshly, but to write a review of this book is extremely difficult. The difficulty lies in the fact that the review as such requires holding of the elemental analysis of the product. Analyze the same this book is able to, probably only a professional linguist, who is part-time admirer of Nabokov. I am well aware that it is a product of quality merchandise, and still pecked at the bait (dammit!), Because somewhere I read that the novel surpasses even Lolita the most famous novel by Vladimir Nabokov. Why release this work the greatest commercial operation. Bravo! The book consists of 170 pages, of which 11 page preface written by Dmitri Nabokov (authors son), 55 p comments translator Gennady Barabtarlo and the remaining ninety-plus the novel itself, or rather its fragments Interesting example of how to create a book volume As probably you already know The Original of Laura -. This unfinished novel by Nabokov, his unpublished manuscript, which he bequeathed to burn, after his death. The last months of his life the writer was in the hospital continuing feverishly working on a book, in spite of the suffering that he caused the disease. Outlines of a novel he wrote in pencil on index cards. Total number of such cards has turned one hundred thirty eight, size 912. The words on these cards were erased and remade, cards multiplied and copied, forming a new draft. Nabokovs son is probably in need of money, he decided to cut down the jackpot on the sensation. He collected these cards are not presented on their presumed order (the author did not indicate in what order the drafts must be logged in work) and glued the novel, thereby making the most ardent fans of the writer to look forward to the book was published. We will write a custom essay sample on The Original of Laura Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Original of Laura Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Original of Laura Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So we get the book a la I love you blinded him from what was. The novels plot resembles a puzzle, the components of which are scattered in a completely chaotic manner. And even if you try to glue the puzzle, still do not get any result except frustration, because a lot of missing parts simply does not exist. It seems that the text of the novel translated with the help of some on-line translator , from which he received an indefinite set of words with constant logical cliffs. this sort of works, by all means necessary to put the operating instructions, or at least 100 grams, without them, precisely here does not understand. I am extremely disappointed. Not what novel strange, what else can you expect from an unfinished manuscript. And from what readers bitch when the trumpet at the top of the horn, that this novel a literary masterpiece. Such texts should be published in academic writings meetings and not to promote the market with a brand of sensation.

Medical Examiner vs Coroner Essays

Medical Examiner vs Coroner Essays Medical Examiner vs Coroner Paper Medical Examiner vs Coroner Paper Next to the sheriff, the coroner or medical examiner is the oldest of the offices in the United States. Moreover, it is the oldest elective county office. The coroner or medical examiner is an ancient office of the common law. The principal function of medical examiner is to hold inquiry into the cause of an unexplained, sudden, or violent death, in certain cases with a jury. The importance of the coroner’s office has been considerably reduced from that of the fourteenth century, who had jurisdiction over a broad range of criminal cases and also over some civil proceedings. This paper is about the job of a present-day medical examiner also known as a coroner. Main Body The appointment, powers and duties of medical examiners vary to a large degree not only by country but by jurisdiction. In general, the medical examiner’s obligation is to make investigation of any sudden unexpected death, any death whose cause is not precisely determined and, surely, any death that may be abnormal. The medical examiner’s investigation is limited to determining the identity of the dead, in what way, at what time and in what place the death occurred, and the details required for entry in a register. In some states, however, the coroner has additional functions. For instance, in Georgia, the coroner has the powers and duties of a county sheriff. The coroner under certain circumstances (the sheriff is incompetent to act, the office of sheriff is made vacant by death or otherwise) may act as sheriff. In England and Wales, a present-day medical examiner must be either a person licensed to practise medicine or a lawyer of more than five years’ professional experience. Some medical examiners are qualified in two ways. In the United States, a present-day coroner is usually county-level officer that does not need necessarily to have any medical qualification. But in most states coroners are not necessarily medical examiners. Medical examiners are medical doctors who usually have practice in forensic pathology (An Overview of Medical Examiner/Coroner Systems in the United States 16). As indicated above, the medical examiner may investigate any death where there are uncertain matters about the circumstances or its cause. The deaths that should be reported to the medical examiner are as follows: The physician did not visit the patient during his last disease. The physician has not seen the patient during the specified amount of days directly prior to death. Physician has not seen the body after death. The death may have been caused by an industrial infection or violation of the person’s rights that caused him harm. Any sudden or not explained death. Any death in circumstances characterized by suspicion that something is wrong. Any death that an accident may have caused or in some way contributed to. Any indication that the death may be caused by neglect Any death that occurred in police custody Any death that occurred during an operation or anaesthetic. Medical examiner must acquire information about a person who is dead. Medical examiner obtains this information by conducting examinations, analysis of blood, analysis of DNA evidence, and analysis of documents associated with injury. The medical examiner determines the time and cause of death, and presents a formal death certificate and autopsy report. In case the death is concluded to be a murder, the information gathered by the medical examiner will serve as important evidence in the case. Nearly all deaths in the community are reported by the police, who are informed by the ambulance services when they are present at the scene of a sudden death. They also inform when crime is probable, a serious accident has taken place, or a body or remains, considered to be human, have been discovered. Any member of the community, who has suspicions about a death, may convey his feelings of anxiety to the medical examiner. Crime need not necessarily be suspected. It may also be a civil case, for instance a suspicion of medical negligence. The last is often reported by a relative or friend of the dead. When the accident has occurred, a medical examiner or representative of the medical examiner’s office picks up a deceased person from the site where he or she was discovered and brings the body back to the medical examiner’s office for examination (Hickman, M. J. et al. ). Much information is got through autopsies. When the medical examiner’s office orders an autopsy, it is usually performed by a pathologist. The pathologist’s report must be very detailed. A full account of the external appearances of the dead body must be presented. The information should include height, weight, and any distinctive features. After the autopsy is completed, the cause of death is determined. If the cause of death cannot be immediately made certain, or is unnatural, some delay is unavoidable, but attempts are made by medical examiner to keep this to a minimum. If, for instance, samples are directed for analysis in a case of possible drug overdose, the medical examiner will at most times open an inquest to take formal identification. In case medical examiner is sure that no further examination of the body is needed, he will issue an order for disposal (Rhine 1998). It is the duty of the medical examiner to hold an inquest when the conditions of time, place, etc. surrounding a death are of such a character as to make it seem likely to be a murder or other unlawful violet acts. In this case the medical examiner will refer the case to the court. The medical examiner enters on a list a jury, usually consisting of seven to eleven persons. When a medical examiner serves as a court officer, he or she presides over a court hearing that makes a decision regarding the cause of death and what should be done further. Conclusion As discussed in this paper, the medical examiner must investigate any death where there is uncertainty about the circumstances or its cause. For this purpose each medical examiner has an office, so that someone is always available to obtain required information. In addition, medical examiners employ the police as their investigative arm to gather evidence. Information presented by medical examiners is of great importance to any trial. References ‘An Overview of Medical Examiner/Coroner Systems in the United States-Development, Current Status, Issues, and Needs’, The National Academies: Forensic Science Needs Committee, Atlanta, GA. Available from: http://209. 85. 129. 132/search? q=cache:TDW1gjAjq7kJ:www7.nationalacademies. org/stl/June%2520Forensics%2520Hanzlick. pdf+Medical+Examiner/coronerhl=ukct=clnkcd=2gl=ua Hickman, M. J. et al. (2007). â€Å"Medical Examiners and Coroners’ Offices, 2004†, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, U. S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. Available from: http://209. 85. 129. 132/search? q=cache:d-hXXdwBaHoJ:www. ojp. usdoj. gov/bjs/pub/pdf/meco04. pdf+Medical+Examiner/coroner+dutieshl=ukct=clnkcd=19gl=ua Rhine, S. (1998). Bone Voyage: A Journey in Forensic Anthropology. University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque.

Equality of Access to California Public University Education Essay

Equality of Access to California Public University Education - Essay Example From the report it is clear that poverty and disadvantages is affected by the education system, offering rich and poor schools with bleak differences in learning atmospheres and physical surroundings. Deprived environs characteristically house run-down schools with poor conditions and less money whereas rich neighborhoods house newer and safer schools offering best learning atmospheres. In addition, the lower-quality urban schools are likely to be attended by ethnic minority students. Attempts to enhance this inequality are only the first step in attaining equality even with millions of dollars spent in federal programs.This essay stresses that  the inequities of access to quality schools and attainment of children in public universities, in California, have been a source of debate and millions of dollars in programs for many years trying to attain equity for all students.  It is argued by critics of American public education that California in incapable of educating students eff iciently, partially due to the highly bureaucratic nature of its governance structure. Layers of rules burdened by paperwork and regulation are attached to most federal government funding hence; federal programs become hard to change or implement. Funds and responsibility are shuffled around to various bodies by this institutionalized problem of extreme bureaucracy, and shifts the accountability of academic achievement onto guardians, teachers, students, and administrators in the case of education.

Given what you have learned about the demcocratic Essay

Given what you have learned about the demcocratic - Essay Example He commissions and controls the armed forces. The monarch government also can call elections regardless of the will of the public. She or he delivers powers directly within her choice and her personal influence is not opposed by anyone. The modern monarchy otherwise recommends the queen to be advised and guided by the ministers she is working closely with (Bradley and Ewing 2011, 198). In a democratic state, every citizen of that state has all the essential rights to decide which type of government he or she wants. The citizens have the sovereign power and will to choose which types of leaders and government they want. Democracy has principles and practices that are specific to it. These principles distinguish it from other forms of government. The citizens to that country possess all the civic responsibility and power to either directly or indirectly exercise their electoral rights. Democracy has its foundation that the majority always rules. What the majority wills and opts for is respected and their rights are supported as well (Bradley and Ewing 103). This refers to the aspect of a government dividing up its responsibilities among distinctive arms. This is advantageous as one arm would not dominate over others by concentrating the core responsibilities and functions to itself. The power is distributed among the branches or so called the arms. The main reason for this is so that an evaluation of performance could be easily done. Incase of any deviations from the expectations of the public, possible corrections could be easily made (Carroll 2013, 105). Under the model instituted by Charles Louis, he divided democracy into three arms (Carroll 111). From his view the political authority took the form of legislative, judicial or executive powers. He explained that to ensure effectiveness in the freedom given to citizens, then these three must be distinct and relate as separate powers, the legislative form pass laws that govern the state. They

New Public Management, Stakeholder Theory 1, Stakeholder Theory 2 Essay

New Public Management, Stakeholder Theory 1, Stakeholder Theory 2 - Essay Example This is being targeted by aiming to improve the overall performance functionality of the organization at hand. The main areas of target include eradicating the negative energies and low productivity of the organization, bringing about more advancements in terms of scientific and technological domain, creating an environment of global ambiance where decisions are taken in due consideration of outside elements involved, and finally the element of treating the citizens as customers where their demand and satisfaction is the top priority beyond anything else. Striving for improved output out of overall scenario is core function and objective of new public management scheme. Transparent operations, more participation, better results were few of the concepts and aims that were based on the idea of new public management. N.P.M’s origin can be traced back to days and decade after the Second World War. Economic prosperity and awareness towards people’s services in the developing parts of the world brought about this process and made it further speedy with the kind of opportunities and benefits it promised. Decentralization of the organization, clear roles definition, tasks accomplishment, stakeholders concerns addressing, reduction in overheads and costs of various form, better customers’ communication means, all these are the areas stressed and focused under the domain of new public management. N.P.M has largely been accepted because it gave a new dimension to the concept of people’s service and better outcomes in form of organizational operations with low inventory, low overheads and higher throughputs(HOOD 1991). N.P.M is often termed as a tool and weapon which will enable better outcome in any kind of organization with customers at back end., however the main focus is that of governmental institute with focus on reforming the pillar of bureaucracy in a holistic way by making it more effective and bringing the true value out of

Government Essay Example for Free

Government Essay Should wealthy nations be required to share their wealth among poorer nations by providing such things as food and education? Or is it the responsibility of the governments of poorer nations to look after their citizens themselves? What should a government do for a country to become successful? Should money be spent on space exploration? Should rich countries forgive all debts for poor countries? Does foreign aid help donor countries more than the recipients? Should rich countries pay more for environmental damage? Most high level jobs are done by men. Should the government encourage a certain percentage of these jobs to be reserved for women? Should developing countries concentrate on improving industrial skills or should they promote education first? Safety standards are important when building peoples homes. Who should be responsible for enforcing strict building codes the government or the people who build the homes? Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of giving international aid to poor countries. Should criminals be punished with lengthy jail terms or re-educated and rehabilitated using community service programs for instance, before being reintroduced to society? In most countries disabled people are not catered for adequately, e.g. buildings are often inappropriately designed. Governments rely too heavily on charities and voluntary organizations to provide assistance and funding. What further measures could be taken to assist disabled people? In your opinion should government intervene in the rights of the individual with regard to family planning? The best way to reduce the number of traffic accidents is to make all young drivers complete a safe driving education course before being licensed to drive. Nowadays doctors can become very rich. Maybe they should not focus on profitable activities such as plastic surgery or looking after rich patients and concentrate more on patients health, no matter how rich they are? Does travel help to promote understanding and communication between countries? In your opinion what factors contribute to a good movie? Are famous people treated unfairly by the media ? Should they be given more privacy, or is the price of their fame an invasion into their private lives? Is animal testing necessary? Some businesses now say that no one can smoke cigarettes in any of their offices. Some governments have banned smoking in all public places. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons. To what extent is the use of animals in scientific research acceptable? Human beings do not need to eat meat in order to maintain good health because they can get all their food needs from meatless products and meatless substances. A vegetarian diet is as healthy as a diet containing meat. Argue for or against the opinion above. Forests are the lungs of the earth. Destruction of the worlds forests amounts to death of the world we currently know. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Are our zoos cruel to wild animals? Discuss. Zoos are sometimes seen as necessary but not poor alternatives to a natural environment. Discuss some of the arguments for and/or against keeping animals in zoos. To what extent will migration from the developing world to the developed world become a social and political issue in the 21st century? In Britain, when someone gets old, they often go to live in a home with other old people where there are nurses to look after them. Sometimes the government has to pay for this care. Who should be responsible for our old people? Give reasons. The first car appeared on British roads in 1888. By the year 2000 there may be as many as 29 million vehicles on British roads. Alternative forms of transport should be encouraged and international laws introduced to control car ownership and use. What do you think? The best way to reduce the number of traffic accidents is to make all young drivers complete a safe driving education course before being licensed to drive. News editors decide what to broadcast on TV and what to print in newspapers. What factors do you think influence their decisions? Have we become used to bad news? Would it be better if more good news was reported? TV: could you be without it? Discuss. To what extent will migration from the developing world to the developed world become a social and political issue in the 21st century? The mass media, including TV, radio and newspapers, have great influence in shaping peoples ideas. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. Tourism is becoming increasingly important as a source of revenue to many countries but its disadvantages should not be overlooked. What are some of the problems of tourism? The mass media, including TV, radio and newspapers, have great influence in shaping peoples ideas. To what extent do you agree or disagree this statement? Give reasons for your answer Does modern technology make life more convenient, or was life better when technology was simpler? Will modern technology, such as the internet ever replace the book or the written word as the main source of information? We are becoming increasingly dependent on computers. They are used in businesses, hospitals, crime detection and even to fly planes. What things will they be used for in future?.Is this dependence on computers a good thing or should we be more suspicious of their benefits?Use specific details and examples in your answer. In what ways has information technology changed work and working practices in the past 10 years? Technology is making communication easier in todays world, but at the expense of personal contact as many people choose to work at home in front of a computer screen. What dangers are there for a society which depends on computer screens rather than face-to-face contact for its main means of communication? Will the Internet bring people of the world closer together? The first car appeared on British roads in 1888. By the year 2000 there may be as many as 29 million vehicles on British roads. Alternative forms of transport should be encouraged and international laws introduced to control car ownership and use. What do you think? The mass media, including TV, radio and newspapers, have great influence in shaping peoples ideas. To what extent do you agree or disagree this statement? Give reasons for your answer. Should retirement be compulsory at 65 years of age? Telecommuting refers to workers doing their jobs from home for part of each week and communicating with their office using computer technology. Telecommuting is growing in many countries and is expected to be common for most office workers in the coming decades. How do you think society will be affected by the growth of telecommuting? In some countries the average worker is obliged to retire at the age of 50, while in others people can work until they are 65 or 70. Until what age do you think people should be encouraged to remain in paid employment? Give reasons for your answer. To what extent should economic planning be influenced by the need of environmental conservation? Damage of the environment is an inevitable consequence of worldwide improvements in the standard of living. Discuss. The rising levels of congestion and air pollution found in most of the world cities can be attributed directly to the rapidly increasing number of private cars in use. In order to reverse this decline in the quality of life in cities, attempts must be made to encourage people to use their cars less and public transport more. Discuss possible ways to encourage the use of public transport. The threat of nuclear weapons maintains world peace. Nuclear power provides cheap and clean energy. The benefits of nuclear technology far outweigh the disadvantages. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country. Do you agree? What are factors which are related to academic success in high-school students? Do the benefits of study abroad justify the difficulties? What advice would you offer to a prospective student? The idea of going overseas for university study is an exciting prospect for many people. But while it may offer some advantages, it is probably better to stay home because of the difficulties a student inevitably encounters living and studying in a different culture. To what extent do you agree or disagree this statement? Give reasons for your answer. Education is recognized as vital to the future of any society in todays world. Governments throughout the world should make education compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 15. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Foreign language instruction should begin in kindergarten. Discuss. Should sports classes be sacrificed in High School so students can concentrate on academic subjects?

The 904: Reflection Paper -- Crime

In 2005 Jacksonville gained the title of â€Å"Florida's murder capital† (Florida Times-Union, 2005; Murphy, 2005). According to the results of â€Å"The 904 Project† in 2011 Jacksonville still holds the title. According to Sherriff Rutherford during the time the study came out Jacksonville has shed that title (Patterson, 2011). Does Jacksonville hold the title or not? It depends on who you ask. In reflecting on what the 904 Project has brought us it is important to not only look at the results of the study, but also what we already know about media and the criminal justice system and what the study might have inadvertently illustrated about Jacksonville’s media, it’s leaders, and the crime problem itself. What research shows is that media and crime are intertwined and that there is an effect on the criminal justice system and its policies. Surette discusses the two tenets concerning criminal justice and the media. The first is the â€Å"backwards law† which states that anything the media portrays is in fact the opposite of what is really happening (2010, p. 182). He goes on to explain that this distortion is due to how news is presented in either an episodic format, the following of a single incident or case, or thematic format, a flowing of trends, and how both formats only show a small fraction of the reality (p. 183). The other is the â€Å"rule of immanent justice.† Surette defines immanent justice as â€Å"the belief that a divine higher power will intervene, and reveal and punish the guilty while protecting the innocent† (p. 186). He argues that the media perpetually illustrates that criminality is inborn and that society seeks immanent justice and supports crime fighters, such as police, in helping combat the issue of crime (pp. 186-187). While... ...e&db=edsbl&AN=RN066843348&site=eds-live Surette, R. (2010). Media, crime, and criminal justice: Images, realities, and policies Cengage Learning. Treen, D. (2006a, Girl's killing sparks pleas for an end to the violence community and city leaders discuss plans to stem the killings. Florida Times-Union, the (Jacksonville, FL), pp. A-1. Treen, D. (2006b, Murder rate on grand jury list shorstein says he has discussed it with panel. Florida Times-Union, the (Jacksonville, FL), pp. A-1. Treen, D. (2011, Results are in: Duval no longer murder capital miami-dade takes title as violent crimes in duval county down 19%. Florida Times-Union, the (Jacksonville, FL), pp. A-1. UNF Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice. (2011). No longer #1? Retrieved January, 2012, from http://www.unf.edu/uploadedFiles/aa/coas/ccj/904_project/No%20Longer%20number%201%20-%20Data.xls

Prompt Essay

SS 100 WRITING & COMMUNICATION Spring 2013 Assignment 1 Persuasive Essay – Section 1 Select one of these prompts & write a persuasive essay in which you develop your point of view on the given issue. Support your position with reasoning, facts & examples taken from your readings, experiences, or observations. Your persuasive essay should not be a purely research based essay; rather you should aim to convince your audience to your way of thinking through your own logic and reasoning. Your ability to formulate claims & use logos, ethos & pathos to support your views without any logical fallacies will be assessed.You are required to address the opposition & counter it in order to write an un-biased piece. Please ensure that your essay is properly organized, with a thesis statement in the introduction and well-structured paragraphs that are unified & coherent. In case you cite research, you must integrate all quotations smoothly, acknowledge the sources and provide a works cited p age according to the MLA Citation Style. Prompt 1 Think carefully about the issue presented in the quotation & either support or refute the main idea.Affirmative Action programs/ quota systems are meant to redress injustice but instead they cause further injustice. Prompt 2 Think carefully about the issue presented in the quotation & either support or refute the main idea. The private lives of politicians should be off limits. The focus should remain entirely on their performance in the public arena. Prompt 3 Take a position on the following claim of policy: Many countries require mandatory military service from their male citizens, for periods ranging from a few months to a few years.Pakistan should also enforce such a policy. Prompt 4 Take a position of the following claim of value: Sport stars can make millions of dollars through endorsements and prize money while individuals working in certain service professions like nursing, teaching etc remain relatively poorly paid. This is an unacceptable distribution of economic rewards. Prompt 5 Think carefully about the issue presented in the following quotation & either support or refute the main idea. Social networking sites cause more harm than good to society. Prompt 6Think carefully about the issue presented in the following quotation and either support or refute the main idea. The international fashion industry’s effects on society are overwhelmingly negative. Word Limit: 1300-1500 words Essay Submission: Hard copy to be submitted in-class Soft copy to be uploaded (log on to LMS, go to the Assignments option – select Persuasive Essay – upload your essay) Hard & soft copy submission = 19th March 2013 (Tuesday) Soft copy submission will remain open till 11:00pm Plagiarism will result in a Failing Grade & /or more serious penalties.

Human resource management Essay

Many business owners prepare a business plan before starting their business. However, small business owners often do not include human resource planning as part of their over-all business plan. They may start out with only a few employees or none at all. Over time, it is important to properly forecast employment needs. Just as failing to address potential threats in the marketplace can jeopardize the viability of your business, failing to anticipate personnel needs can impact on overall business success. The success of a business is directly linked to the performance of those who work for that business. Underachievement can be a result of workplace failures. Because hiring the wrong people or failing to anticipate fluctuations in hiring needs can be costly, it is important that you put effort into human resource planning. Planning for HR needs will help to ensure your employees have the skills and competencies your business needs to succeed. An HR plan works hand in hand with your business plan to determine the resources you need to achieve the business’s goals. It will better prepare you for staff turnover, recruitment, and strategic hiring – and alleviate stress when you have emergency/last-minute hiring needs. Human Resource Planning Process Or Steps Of HR Planning Human resource planning is a process through which the company anticipates future business and environmental forces. Human resources planning assess the manpower requirement for future period of time. It attempts to provide sufficient manpower required to perform organizational activities. HR planning is a continuous process which starts with identification of HR objectives, move through analysis of manpower resources and ends at appraisal of HR planning. Following are the major steps involved in human resource planning: 1. Assessing Human Resources The assessment of HR begins with environmental analysis, under which the external (PEST) and internal (objectives, resources and structure) are analyzed to assess the currently available HR inventory level. After the analysis of external and internal forces of the organization, it will be easier for HR manager to find out the internal strengths as well as weakness of the organization in one hand and opportunities and threats on the other. Moreover, it includes an inventory of the workers and skills already available within the organization and a comprehensive job analysis. 2. Demand Forecasting HR forecasting is the process of estimating demand for and supply of HR in an organization. Demand forecasting is a process of determining future needs for HR in terms of quantity and quality. It is done to meet the future personnel requirements of the organization to achieve the desired level of output. Future human resource need can be estimated with the help of the organization’s current human resource situation and analysis of organizational plans an procedures. It will be necessary to perform a year-by-year analysis for every significant level and type. HR planning must be tied to the overall business plan. You can start the process by assessing the current conditions and future goals of your company. Perform these assessments regularly. Consider some of the following questions: What are the company’s goals and objectives? Do these goals call for expansion into new markets? Are new product lines planned? Are changes in technology necessary to stay competitive? Will new skills and/or training be required to meet the company’s goals and objectives? The following three-step method is designed to help you determine whether or not you are ready to hire: 1. Identify Business Strategy and Needs 2. Conduct a Job Analysis and Write a Job Description 3. Determine the Feasibility of Hiring Human Resource Planning Checklist Step 1: Identify Business Strategy and Needs Identify pressures and opportunities Clarify your business strategy and direction Identify aspects of the business that need help The following questions will help you determine how many people are required, and with what skills, to fulfill your business needs. What new positions are opening up? What special skills (e.g. computer applications) will be needed? What work experience (e.g. in a particular area) will be required? When will new staff be needed? When should hiring be scheduled to ensure a smooth transition? Does the hiring plan also provide for employee turnover and attrition? Step 2: Conduct a Job Analysis and Write a Job Description Review your current workforce- Describe the employees you now have in terms of their knowledge, skills, and experience and describe how they function together to get work done, At the same time, consider how the current work could be reorganized to make the best use of current and future employees. Identify any skills and knowledge gaps- Note any gaps between the skills and abilities your current employees have and the skills and abilities that your workforce needs to meet your business objectives in the future. Write a job description Set an appropriate salary- Start by adopting a general salary range to help you determine what you will need to budget – and whether potential candidates are within your budget. You may want to complete a job evaluation, whereby you rank jobs and their corresponding salaries. Weigh the importance of critical skills and knowledge for each position, compare positions, and rank the new position on the pay scale accordingly. You will need to do a comparison between the new and existing positions. Is the new position more junior/senior? Will the new position require more specialized skills and knowledge? Will the position have more complex tasks and different working relationships? Will the new position have more or less responsibility? Tips for Conducting a Job Analysis * Ask employees about each position within the business and how they are (or are not) connected * Ask employees if they think hiring a new employee or creating a new position would be a good idea * Observe employees at work and earnestly ask for their ideas about better ways to operate; be prepared to put good suggestions into action * Talk to customers about which employees are easiest to deal with or provide the best service * Find out and understand why past employees have left – be truthful with yourself * Talk to customers about their needs * Understand the needs of people the new employee will be working with * Differentiate between â€Å"nice to have† and â€Å"must have† skills and experiences * Look at employees who are performing at a superior level and try to assess the skills and behavior`s that distinguish them; look for evidence of these behavior`s during the interview * Look at similar positions in other companies and the requirements they have * Read books or articles about companies that may have found themselves in similar situations Step 3: Determine the Feasibility of Hiring Understand the costs of hiring- Labor costs, such as salary and benefits, Recruiting costs, which may include advertising in addition to time spent on recruiting activities, orientation and training. Understand the benefits of hiring- * Improved morale of other employees, if a departing employee was a problem or if the area has been Under staffed for some time * Improved morale of existing staff if the growth means new business and opportunities * Improved productivity if a departing employee was not productive or if employees believed that you have made the decision to hire as a result of their input * Increased revenues once a new employee is performing at an acceptable level * A new employee who is more qualified than current employees can help train the existing employees * Increased customer satisfaction and potentially saved business. Understand the risks of not hiring- * Loss of revenues because of an inability to keep up with demand * Loss of employees because they are unwilling to continue being overworked or to do the work of a departed employee * No new ideas or knowledge brought in through new employees If you decide that hiring a new employee is feasible, you are ready to begin the recruitment process. If not, you might need to revisit your strategic plan or business objectives. 3. Supply Forecasting Supply is another side of human resource assessment. It is concerned with the estimation of supply of manpower given the analysis of current resource and future availability of human resource in the organization. It estimates the future sources of HR that are likely to be available from within an outside the organization. Internal source includes promotion, transfer, job enlargement and enrichment, whereas external source includes recruitment of fresh candidates who are capable of performing well in the organization. 4. Matching Demand And Supply It is another step of human resource planning. It is concerned with bringing the forecast of future demand and supply of HR. The matching process refers to bring demand and supply in an equilibrium position so that shortages and over staffing position will be solved. In case of shortages an organization has to hire more required number of employees. Conversely, in the case of over staffing it has to reduce the level of existing employment. Hence, it is concluded that this matching process gives knowledge about requirements and sources of HR. 5. Action Plan It is the last phase of human resource planning which is concerned with surplus and shortages of human resource. Under it, the HR plan is executed through the designation of different HR activities. The major activities which are required to execute the HR plan are recruitment, selection, placement, training and development, socialization etc. Finally, this step is followed by control and evaluation of performance of HR to check whether the HR planning matches the HR objectives and policies. This action plan should be updated according to change in time and conditions.

X29 essays

X29 essays I have chosen to do my book report on the book The Grumman X-29, by Steve Pace, for a couple of reasons. Ive seen the X-29 in flight at an air show and was mystified by its wing design. I asked myself how could something like that fly at all? This book shed some light on the mysteries of how the X-29 flies and performs. I am going to tell you a little about the book and the X-29, so sit back relax and enjoy the fruits of my reading labor. The X-29 is a single-engine aircraft 48.1 feet long. Its forward-swept wing has a span of 27.2 feet. Each X-29 was powered by a General Electric F404-GE-400 engine producing 16,000 pounds of thrust. Empty weight was 13,600 pounds, while takeoff weight was 17,600 pounds. The wing substructure and the basic airframe itself are aluminum and titanium. Wing trailing edge actuators controlling camber are mounted externally in streamlined fairings because of the thinness of the supercritical airfoil. The aircraft had a maximum operating altitude of 50,000 feet, a maximum speed of Mach 1.6, and a flight endurance time of approximately one hour. Overall, VFC, like the forward-swept wings, showed promise for the future of aircraft design. The X-29 did not demonstrate the overall reduction in aerodynamic drag that earlier studies had suggested, but this discovery should not be interpreted to mean that a more optimized design with forward-swept wings could not yield a reduction in drag. Overall, the X-29 program demonstrated several new technologies as well as new uses of proven technologies. These included: aero elastic tailoring to control structural divergence; use of a relatively large, close-coupled canard for longitudinal control; control of an aircraft with extreme instability while still providing good handling qualities; use of three-surface longitudinal control; use of a double-hinged trailing-edge flap at supersonic speeds; control effectiveness at high angle of attack; v...

Japan 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Japan 2 - Assignment Example educational achievements equally competitive to another student’s academic qualifications but from a different school or a different part of the country (Jospeph, Holger, Lawrence 136). My profile is very much similar to another student’s profile in another part of the country. This is because the education system is very much similar countrywide. There are no long holiday break for schools in UAE and thus this helps all students to retain what has been learnt in school over a long period of time. Japan’s educational system is very much similar to that of the United Arab Emirates. The education system is modeled by the government to cover schools across the country. Also the schools focus on building the extracurricular lives of their students by engaging them in extracurricular activities often. The difference in education systems is that Japanese students spend more time in the classroom as compared to an ordinary student in UAE (Yasuhiro

Discuss how public sector organisations may respond to change as a Essay

Discuss how public sector organisations may respond to change as a result of changes to legislation and regulation - Essay Example They provide essential social services that cannot be provided by the private sector on grounds such as high capital investment. They also provide services that have little or no profit at all and are thereby shunned by the private sector. Normally public corporations are established on statutory grounds by the parliament. It therefore means that these corporations will normally have a lot of influence from the workings of the government. Public sector corporations are normally instituted to provide services such as health, education, social insurance and transport. Most of their management is comprises of political appointees. Legislations are laws or rules that are enacted by the government through the legislature or parliament. Such enactments are usually made relating to various issues that affect the masses. Public sector organizations are normally expected to respond to any new legislation that affects them. Much legislation has been enacted that affect the management of the pu blic corporations. Legislations affecting the public sector are customarily enacted out of the need to protect the general public from exploitation from these corporations. Exploitations have always been realized from these public corporations inasmuch as they are directly controlled by the government. It arises from the fact that some figures in government are always interested in the affairs of these corporations. As a result they end up influencing their operations most often for their own gains. Response to changes Public corporations are always expected to respond to legislations that are enacted to improve their operations or to bring sanity in the manner in which their operations are run. Most of these corporations were instituted several years back but unfortunately, many years later it is realized that their service delivery is usually below expectations. A comparison of some of these corporations with privately managed enterprises will reveal a lot of striking differences. It therefore begs the analysis of the reasons as to what might be wrong in the affairs of these corporations. It has always been realized that the manner in which some corporations respond to very pertinent legislations is always very slow and wanting. For instance, legislations relating to global warming , dumping of toxins into water bodies and other emerging issues have always raised a lot of questions regarding the slow pace of compliance from these corporations. Just like public enterprises, most of these corporations fall under specific regulatory authorities that are expected to regulate their operations. It has also been realized that that regulating these corporations is not easy as it may seem. Given the nature of their management, their organizational structures and the fact that they are not profit motivated, it makes it very difficult for the regulatory authorities to make them comply with the regulations expected. Most public sector organizations have very complex org anization structures in operation. Decision making in such an organization is not easy. As such it has always been difficult to implement some proposed regulations that are created for a specific purpose. Moreover managing employees in many public corporations is a daunting task. Most of them are protected by their terms of engagement which

Lord Jenkins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lord Jenkins - Essay Example Sivaprakasapillai, and the fact that he was a member of the board of examiners and of the scrutinising committee. The third ground was to the effect that by reason of the first "the maxim that justice should not only be done but also appear to be done" had been violated. The fourth ground comprised the substance of the plaintiff's case and was to the effect that the evidence of the various witnesses who appeared before the commission of inquiry, including the evidence of Miss Balasingham, was taken in the absence of the plaintiff, who was not aware of what evidence was led against him, and that in the circumstances one of the essential elements of natural justice was not observed, inasmuch as the plaintiff was not aware of the case he had to meet. The fifth ground was to the effect that the evidence of the various witnesses was not taken entirely before all the three members of the commission of inquiry, and that such evidence was acted on by the commission, and that this circumstanc e was also a violation of the elementary principles of justice. The plaintiff further alleged that there was no evidence upon which the commission of inquiry could reasonably find the charge against the plaintiff proved, that the finding arrived at against the plaintiff was one which had not been arrived at in conformity with clause 8, and that the finding and decision were therefore void and of no effect. The allegations of bias or disqualification against Professor Mylvaganam as a member of the commission of inquiry were rejected in both courts as without substance. The allegation to the effect that there was no evidence upon which the commission could reasonably find the charge against the plaintiff proved was (so far as open to the court) clearly ill-founded. The allegation to the effect that the finding was not arrived at in accordance with clause 8 turned on the fact that the Vice-Chancellor appointed two other persons to sit with him as a commission of inquiry to investigate the matter, instead of proceeding to investigate it alone. It was held in both courts that this procedure was not open to objection, inasmuch as this was merely a method, which the Vice-Chancellor was free to adopt if he chose to do so, of satisfying himself of the truth or falsity of the charge, and the Report was a report by him for the purposes of clause 8 although signed by the two other members of the commission as well as himself. The plaintiff having taken no steps to appeal against *230 the decision of the court below on these matters of complaint, their Lordships need say no more about them. There remain the complaints to the effect that the evidence, including that of Miss Balasingham, was taken in the absence of the plaintiff who was not aware of the evidence led against him or of the case he had to meet; and that the evidence of certain witnesses was taken by the Vice-Chancellor in the absence of the other members of

MCI WorldCom Essay Example for Free

MCI WorldCom Essay As noted above, Latin America is and has been ahead of many countries with emerging economies in the development of its telecommunications sectors and the attraction of private investment. Similarly, it has been substantially advanced in its promulgation of rules and regulations, changing as required to keep up with constant change in technology and services. All of the above drives or suppresses competition and growth depending on how the change is effected and how effective enforcement is executed. In Mexico, we have seen investment moratoria declared by MCI WorldCom and ATT based on alleged failure of the Government to enforce the telecommunications regulations against TELMEX, which most affect the economics of service-provision by the competitors. While resolution has commenced of these issues in Mexico, full resolution is not yet a reality, and the sector has suffered a slow-down in investment at a time when investment should have been the most robust in Mexicos history. On the other hand, one sees in Mexico, a reversal of the cross subsidies which previously characterized the service of TELMEX. For example, before privatization, TELMEXs local exchange service failed to cover one third of its costs and was permanently subsidized by TELMEXs dramatically high international tariffs. That has reversed, forced, in part, by the requirements of its Concession and the introduction of competition in long distance and international service. As new international operators can compete on price, without regard to local exchange service, if the incumbent does not lower international prices and remain competitive, it will lose a large portion of its revenue and its best and most lucrative customers. In fact, some of the most vigorous of the complaints of TELMEXs interconnection and access charge practices demonstrated a policy of avoidance of competition in this lucrative market. Currently, ITU reports show dramatically higher local exchange charges than those, which characterized the pre-privatization company. Indeed, TELMEX monthly recurring charge is on par with other countries of Latin America which have rebalanced their tariffs to eliminate the cross subsidies. Thus, it is significantly higher than monthly recurring residential charges of companies in other countries that have not been obligated to rebalance. The latter means that those countries remain largely without formal or effective competition. This is because competition forces rebalancing of tariffs in order for the incumbent to maintain market share in the price-competitive and lucrative markets like long distance, international and commercial. Similarly, Argentina and Peru have monthly recurring charges, which reflect a rebalancing of tariffs and elimination of much of the cross-subsidies that previously characterized the companys finances. This means necessarily, a higher monthly recurring residential charge than countries such as Paraguay, Surinam and others that have not yet eliminated their cross subsidies (again typically revealing a lack of competition which threatens the market share of lucrative and over-charged markets). As noted earlier, the law and the vigorous competition in Chile contributed to the elimination of cross subsidies and the balancing of tariffs with cost of providing the service. Thus, like Argentina, Peru and Mexico, Chile had monthly recurring residential charges, which reflected its cost of providing the service, and operators competed vigorously in long distance and international pricing for market share. At the end of 1999, however, the Government forced a lowering of monthly recurring charges, which substantially impacted the revenue balance of local exchange carriers. That is, with long distance and international tariffs subject to severe competition and thus as marginally low as possible, the monthly recurring charge is one of the few revenue sources available to generate margin. While it cannot create wide margins as monopoly international services once did due to the economy of the market of residential users, it at least covered its costs and generated profit in a rebalanced tariffing environment. Now Chilean local exchange carriers are saying that the new rules no longer allow that. Thus, they have declared a moratorium on the construction of local exchange infrastructure. Perhaps by the time of the PTC conference, we shall have a resolution of the dispute. What all of the above, and current marketing of services in other countries, like the U. S. , cause us to think about is how networks will be paid for in the future. In a technological environment where long distance is virtually the same as local exchange service (eg. ATT advertises its one service which encompasses the entire of the U. S. , local and long distance; Venezuela has reduced its domestic long distance to two regions, all else within them is local exchange; Sprint sells its ten cent minute anywhere in the country, etc); wire line virtually the same as wireless (Ugandas second national operator uses exclusively a GSM cellular network with software distinctions for price-capped services; Canada and U. S. move toward wireless local loop being interchangeable with cellular and fixed line telephony); data equals voice services (GPRS and UMTS provide telephony services with internet access, interactive email and other mixed services features), etc. Thus, technological convergence; global seamless mergers of services and service operators and new means of delivery, like the INTERNET, point toward different measures of financing infrastructure build-out. For example, whereas operators used long distance and international revenues predominantly in the past as a primary revenue stream, which supported financing of build-out, those streams have shrunk substantially in a competitive environment. The same is true for international settlements. Now, as we are seeing in Chile, the same could be true in the future for the monthly recurring charge on local exchange service. Prepaid services and cellular or other wireless substitutes for local exchange service, already threaten this revenue stream.

Development of Real Photography

Development of Real Photography Introduction The increasingly mediatised culture we live in today has lead us to be dominated by and dependent upon the production and consumption of images. Notions of objectivity and empiricism in the photographic have long since disappeared, but we still locate our sense of the real in images. This dissertation will use many theories and ideas that discuss the role of photography, postmodernism and the real within todays culture. It will start with a discussion of the reasoning for the initial shift back towards the real. This shift mainly stemmed from postmodernism and the media. Postmodernism dealt with the idea of never ending reference and the fear about postmodern culture was that this never ending reference meant that all grip on reality had disappeared. There was a wish to return to something more stable and basic: the real? Due to advances in technology and developments in photography, the new fast changing everyday image led to our relationships and emotions becoming mediatised. We re -live events and experiences through images, which leads to a loss of the real. We remember the image rather than the event. Photographers started to try and return to the purely descriptive photography from the times before the mass referencing of postmodernism. This dissertation will look at how some of these photographers attempted to represent the real and also at how a few decided to play around with the representation of the real. Ansel Adams, for example, believed in simply trying to create a true representation of the landscape he was photographing. He attempted to show scenery at its most natural and realistic, with no visual manipulation or artifice. Andreas Gursky on the other hand began with this view but soon started changing this representation with digital editing so that it was no longer a true representation. Some photographers began attempting to create purely descriptive photography but could not escape referencing earlier work. Justin Partykas work The East Angli ans, for example cannot be described as anything else but descriptive photography. However, his reference to Robert Franks The Americans in his title, had led him to fall into the postmodernism trap. Can you provide an account without analysis when it comes to photography? This leads onto the main question posed in this dissertation: can we ever (re)find the real? Some would say that even photos that appear to be descriptive cannot escape being subjected to analysis and placed within a context of viewing. Due to postmodernism, we are constantly searching for meaning and analysis in images. Maybe they can never be void of reference and construction? Maybe images can never provide the clear, stable version of reality that we want from them? This constant analysis of images has exhausted our trust and interest in the photograph; there was a need to create images different from the ones we see every day in the media in order to re-find our trust in the image as truth and as art. Older, slower technologies began to re-emerge. The single image produced from these methods of working could bring back the processes of our memory that have been complicated due to the sheer amount of information we get from other technologies. There are a number of strands of pho tography that are concerned with the notion of re-finding the real. What do these methods of photographing have in common? Do any of these strands achieve the stable and basic feeling of certainty that the real exists? Andy Grundbergs phrase the crisis of the real is apt in explaining the context of the real within the photographic; the word crisis inferring both an intense difficulty and a point of departure; a need for immediate change. Defining or attempting to name this period of change is not important, what is important is what it means for photographic practice. Will we continue to be consumed by images, or is there a future beyond the cycle of referencing left by postmodernism?   Can we ever (re)find authenticity, originality and a true form of photography that can direct us to the real? Chapter 1: What caused people to want to return to the real? There are many factors which eventually led to people wanting to return to the real values that were present in art and culture before postmodernism. This chapter will look at what some of these factors are and how they led to the return of the real. It will first deal with postmodernism and how the never ending referencing that was introduced during this time affected photography as an art form, and how the loss of the real that we experienced during the postmodernist era led to a wish to return to something more stable and basic. It will also look at the advances in technology and video that came about at this time, and how these advances changed photographic culture.   It will also explore how our experiences, events, and even our emotions, both on an individual and public scale are heavily mediated, and how as a result of this, it is claimed we have lost any relation to the real. The original shift towards the real came about due to postmodernism. This new form of art focussed on bringing together elements from existing culture, and never making anything new. This new way of working led to photography being used more and more in art. Before, photography had merely been a method of recording and was used mainly in science. Anytime it had been used in art it was considered undeserving and not a true art form.   However, the rise of postmodernism meant that artists were looking for more ways to express themselves. Photography began to be used more and more, and it was becoming a more widely recognised and accepted form of art. As people were using it more and more, new developments in photographic technology were emerging. These new technologies meant that photography became more widely available, and many people who were not considered artists began using it. Photography was now used extensively in art, and in the new postmodern culture. Postmodernism discarded the idea of finding something new and original and instead focussed on recombining elements from existing culture. Nothing new was being created which soon meant that art had become exhausted. The postmodern culture played with signs of never ending reference, where the more you played the less anyone seemed to know what reality it was touching (Bate, 2004a: 31) and we had lost touch with what we thought reality to be (Bate, 2004a: 31). The constant referencing and re-referencing had led to us being absorbed in representation. We no longer knew what reality was, and what it was not. We were lost. The fear about postmodern culture was that there was no longer any anchor to reality at all, and that reality had disappeared into an endless chain of other representations (Bate, 2004a: 31). This never ending reference meant that all grip on reality had disappeared. There was a wish to re turn to something more stable and basic. There was a need for change, for something new to emerge from the endless trail of reference. In this culture, in which reality was discarded in favour of mass intertextual referencing, there was a desire to return to reality. As David Bate says, there was a, wish for a grittier, closer to reality relation through realism (Bate, 2004a: 35). Many people wanted a return to the values of modernism (the straight and pure photograph) to contemporary art photography, this is a return to description, originality and actuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" precisely all the things that were strongly rejected by postmodernism (Bate, 2004a: 33). There were many developments in technology that caused the downfall of postmodernism, along with the introduction of video. Photography was once the only way of stopping time, whereas now a freeze frame can come from any number of sources. Photographs began to be made by pulling them out of existing images; they were now selected from video and film. What had once been the sole privilege and product of the photograph is now equally likely to be the result of a cinema or video freeze-frame (Bate, 2004b: 34). The development of video was leading to photography becoming redundant.   Photography and video was also now becoming more readily available. Due to new appliances such as DVD players and VCRs, anyone could now create a freeze frame from a video. Even cinematic blockbusters can be stilled on domestic appliance devices like DVD and video machines (Bate, 2004b: 34). Victor Burgin discussed the advances in film and video in his essay Possessive, Pensive and Possessed. The int roduction of VCRs, DVD players, and eventually video editing software on personal computers, meant that the order of narrative could now be routinely countermanded (Burgin, 2007: 198) by the audience whenever they wished. This changed photography, as instead of photographs being of an actual event, they were now selections from the way the event had already been interpreted. Newspapers and news channels were no longer using photographers to capture the perfect picture; they were using video and selecting the image from the video. This enabled the news channels to pick the exact expression or look they required to give a biased representation of the person or thing. They could now create a completely false demonstration and force a public collective opinion. David Bate talks about these freeze-frame images in his article After Thought, Part II. He says, The possibility of choosing the right moment in such instances is still dependent upon   a person knowing when to push the button, but this is now in the hands of someone selecting a still from an already produced moving image. The selected decisive moment is chosen from a film or video stream rather than reality itself. Whereas a photograph was supposed to be a rectangle ripped out of time as John Berger had once dramatically put it, today it is more often via the computer that a print is pulled out of some existing image bank. (Bate, 2004a: 34) Images used to be representations of actual lived events à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" now these images we see in news and the media are much more likely to be representations from the way the event has already been represented. Video had stolen what makes photography special à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the decisive moment. Therefore the specificity and specialness of photography had to find itself in some other attribute of photography. New developments in digital imagery mean that we can now see results instantly; there is no waiting in a lab or until the end of your holiday to see your photographs. Advances in technology, such as mobile phones, email, etc. now allow us to see and share images in a fraction of a second. The person sending these images and the person receiving them can now send and expect results instantly. Yet despite the idea that these mobile technologies bring us all closer to each other, we are caught up in a contradiction, since they increasingly mediatise our relationships to one another (Bate, 2004b: 35).   We no longer talk to each other and see each other face to face; we instead communicate through email, mobile text messaging and social networking sites, where we never actually see the other person we are communicating with. This has lead to a loss of the real. As David Bate said, To look at something it has to be kept at a distance (Bate, 2004b: 35). Because of the loss of the real that we experienced during the postmodernist era there is a wish to return to something more stable and basic. New art is now made up of redundant processes that are often older and slower, which makes this new art form different from the images we see in everyday media culture. If analogue photography is becoming technologically redundant or residual to news and advertising industries, the consequences for art are different. New art is often borne of redundant industrial processes, usually older and slower, by finding a new use and aesthetic within the arts and which comes out of its marking a difference from image uses in everyday media culture. (Bate, 2004b: 40) Artists were leaving these new fast technologies that were used in the media in favour of older slower ones. These old, redundant methods were considered more real. The traditional, slower, apparently simpler methods seemed to be more linked to the real as they are different from the images in the media. Some people have called this change and shift in the way that photographs are being constructed a shift towards the real values that were present in modernism, before the rise of postmodernism. As Susan Sontag says, The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates with the wish to return to a more artisanal, purer past à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" when images still had a handmade quality, an aura (Sontag, 1977: 221). But, Hal Foster feels that we have not left postmodernism completely, it has just become normalised. The consequence of this is that we change the way we want reality to be constructed. Hal Foster feels that simply, postmodernism became dÃÆ' ©modÃÆ' ¨ (Foster, 1996: 206). Due to the media, we have become inundated with images and photographs in our everyday life, to the extent that images have become our reality. We no longer separate images from real life, and the two have become blurred. In his book, Comments on the Society of the Spectacle, Guy Debord talks about how developments in photography and the proliferation of mass media images have contributed to what Debord called the society of the spectacle. In the spectacular world, images and representations become our reality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" everything exists as and for images. Where images refer to one another endlessly, originality and authenticity are abolished. We become consumed by images and messages. Experience, events, and even our emotions, both on an individual and public scale are heavily mediated. As a result of this, it is claimed we have lost any relation to the real; The spectacle has now spread itself to the point where it now permeates all reality. (Debord, 1990: 9) Our real-life experiences become repressed and events take place in a mediated, pseudo-reality. We can no longer distinguish between real memories, and mediated memories. Victor Burgin explores this in his essay Possessive, Pensive and Possessed. He describes a study done in 1977 where people were interviewed about their past experiences. There were a few people in the study who believed that media events or films were in fact their own memories. People became confused and mixed personal history with scenes from films or media productions. As Burgin says, I saw at the cinema would simply become I saw (Burgin, 2007: 200). Burgin explains how these people were remembering scenes from a film instead of real life, and called these memories screen memories;   A screen memory is one which comes to mind in the place of, and in order to conceal, an associated but repressed memory (Burgin, 2007: 201). People were remembering images and scenes from films and the media that were similar to their real memories, but were less painful as there were not actual lived recollections. People were using these to cover up and replace genuine, traumatic memories. In the past, events happened but people just didnt know about them as there was no media. It rarely went beyond those involved. Now because of media we all know about every event, and add these events to our memories, even though we have not actually physically experienced them. We forget our real experiences and replace them with things from the media. Thomas De Zengotita, in his book, Mediated; How the media shape the world around us, describes how our reaction to big events such as the 9/11 disaster is to experience and re-live them through images. He calls this bubble of mediated representations the blob. In the world of the blob, momentous catastrophes such as the 9/11 terrorist attacks are almost poignant enough to burst the bubble, something like that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" will feel as if it might be sharp enough, as if it might pierce the membrane and slice the pulp (De Zengotita, 2007: 27). However, not surprisingly, our reaction to such events is to experience and re-live it t hrough images, adding it to our bank of mediated events.   In other words, they become part of the spectacle. Chapter 2: Realism in Landscape Photography This chapter is going to explore how photographers attempt to represent the real, and if you can create a purely descriptive photograph. It will discuss photographers that try to represent the real, and also photographers that play around with the representation of the real, to create something completely different. I will specifically be looking at landscape photography, as this is the area of photography were photographers have really attempted to create authentic representations of the real, to show the landscape. It is also the area of photography that I am particularly interested in. To attempt to show the real in landscape photography, you need to show the scenery at its most natural and realistic, with no visual manipulation or artifice. There is also the argument that no message, meaning or reference may be conveyed at all. Considering it is the view of some people that photographs are analysed and given meaning as soon as they are viewed, is this possible? In this chapter, select works of four photographers will be looked at. It will consider how each photographer has attempted to show the real, either as an exact representation, or by manipulating the representation to give it a different meaning, and will discuss whether they have managed this. The photographers that are going to be observed are Ansel Adams, Andreas Gursky, Doug Aitken and Justin Partyka. Ansel Adams is an environmentalist and photographer who makes landscape photographs to essentially document and record the beauty of nature. Adams love of nature began when he was a child, after having problems fitting in at school and eventually being home taught. He would go for hikes through nature, and this is where his fascination with nature was set in motion. Adams began his photographic career by using the Kodak No. 1 Box Brownie his parents had given him to record his travels through the Yosemite Valley. He soon joined the Sierra club, and held his first solo exhibition at the clubs headquarters in 1928. The work created by Adams is done using a large format camera, so as to capture as much detail as possible. The image I will be looking at is called Mt. Clarence King, Pool, Kings Canyon National Park, California (1925). It is a landscape image taken in Kings Canyon National Park in 1925. The image is a black and white image, of a scene, with large mountains in the background and a pool in the foreground. There is a lot of gravelly earth around the pool and some trees and bushes between the mountains and pool. This image is an authentic representation of the landscape, and is not trying to be anything else. Adams wanted to purely represent the landscape, and this is what he has done. Adams began to pursue straight photography, in which the clarity of the lens was emphasized, and the final print gave no appearance of being manipulated in the camera or the darkroom (www.anseladams.com, 2009). Adams only ever tried to create accurate representations of the landscape.   However, you could argue that the fact that he works in black and white indicates that this image is not a true representation, as the world is not in black and white. This non use of colour is therefore a message, rendering the im ages more than pure description. Andreas Gursky is one of the rare photographers who began attempting to create vast, clear representations of the real, but then moved on to openly digitally manipulating his images. I will be looking at some of his work pre 1990s, as this is before he started to digitally manipulate his images. Gursky was trained and influenced by Hilla and Bernd Becher, who are known for their straight, scientific style of systematically cataloguing industrial machinery and architecture. This may be compared to the similar methodical approach that Gursky has to his own work. Gursky generally photographs landscape in large colour format (although a lot of his work is urban landscape, both interior and exterior). The image I will be examining is Fishermen, MÃÆ' ¼lheim a.d. Ruhr, taken in 1989. This is a landscape image of Gurskys taken in 1989. It is of a river running through the city of MÃÆ' ¼lheim. The river is wide and flat, with trees covering both banks. You can just make out a few small groups of fishermen on the banks of the river, and a bridge in the distance. This is before he used any digital manipulation, and was purely trying to represent the real. Gursky has not attempted to conceal or change anything in this image to give it a meaning or a reference. He has named the image what it is, Fishermen, MÃÆ' ¼lheim a.d. Ruhr, which is simply what is it, fishermen on a river in MÃÆ' ¼lheim, so has not tried to imply meaning through the name of the image. This image is meant to be purely descriptive, and a genuine representation of the real. Other photographers and writers have agreed with this, for example David Bate says What Gursky and Evans both share (with different techniques of course) is an awesome description. The effects of these anecdotal descriptions is primarily to evince reality through the photographic instant of here it is and this is how it is. The picture throws at the audience a defiant description where the accumulation of anecdotal detail actually inhibits the communication of a specific message. (Bate, 2004a; pg 33) Bates view is that the vast amount of detail in the image actually inhibits a message being conveyed by the image. He feels Gurskys plan is to be as authentically descriptive as possible à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this is how it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and not to hide or imply any other meaning or reference. This may have been Gurskys plan, to attempt to create a pure representation of the real, but this does not change how we view images. We still attempt to create a meaning for ourselves, as we no longer feel that sheer description is enough. There must be a referent, a meaning behind the image, and we are constantly looking for it. Gursky was attempting to create a purely descriptive photograph, but we do not see it like that because of the way we now look at and interpret images. Doug Aitken works with a range of material, including photography, sculpture, films, sound, single and multichannel video works and instillations. This essay, however, will just be looking at his photography. Rather than purely representing the real in his images, Aitken plays around with the representation of the image so they are descriptive photographs, but the way they are put together adds a message and reference. Aitken lives and works in Los Angeles, and is one of many new artists to work with the medium of film. Film is Aitkens main medium for his art work although he does work with still images from time to time. The image I am going to be looking at is called New Opposition III. This is an image made up of four different images. Separately, the images could be considered as descriptive attempts at representing the real. However, the way that Aitken puts them together changes this. If viewed on their own, they would be seen as purely descriptive, real images of landscape. But the way they have been put together suggests something else. They become more like a narrative, showing different places at different times, together; I wanted to find a way to blend together different moments in time, different spaces and different locations (Aitken, : 62). Aitken feels that the images would not work on their own and rely on each other to create their meaning. On their own, they would be nothing. He says The photographs do not work as self-sufficient one-off frames but rely on each other for meaning. The optical tricks that the landscape form when placed together give the impression to the viewer that they are either falling into the centre of the earth or are on top of it looking down as if from the apex of a pyramid (Aitken, :62). The way the images are placed together is obviously very important to the meaning that Aitken is trying to provide. Aitken is using real images in his work, but playing around with the representation so that they are no longer considered real. He purposefully adds a meaning and a message to his images, rather than leaving it to the viewers imagination. This is different from somebody like Gursky, who does not give a message, as the image is just supposed to be an authentic representation. Any meaning given to Gurskys images is given by the viewer, in contrast to Aitkens images where the meaning is given for you. Viewers are now so used to images having a meaning, and that meaning being told to them, that they now look for a meaning in everything. Justin Partyka is a photographer whose work explores the importance of place, culture and identity, and the roles that tradition and landscape play in these themes. He is currently working on three long term projects; The East Anglians, The Carnivalesque of CÃÆ' ¡diz, and Saskatchewan. The project I will be concentrating on is The East Anglians. The work, The East Anglians, is a collection of documentary photographs of rural life in East Anglia. Partyka attempts to create real images, in a documentary style. His photographs are often very straight with no messages or signs. The image I am looking at is one from the East Anglians series, but the title is unknown. This image is of an old barn in East Anglia. As the image is untitled, it suggests that Partyka did not want to imply any meaning at all, not even naming the place or image. The barn is quite old and rusty, and appears to be in a state of disrepair. There is a lot of grass in the foreground in front of the barn, and fields behind it. The photograph is an attempt at a real representation of the scene. However, Partyka has called this series of photographs, The East Anglians. This is a quite obvious reference to Robert Franks, The Americans. Although Partyka has created purely descriptive images, he has referenced other work in his title. Partykas work, although essentially descriptive, cannot deny the presence of such referencing. What we have here is an image that is subjective in narrative, with referencing to earlier photography, and yet undoubtedly descriptive. I see photography as very much a descriptive mediumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ but obviously this description is an edited one based on the choices made by the photographer in where they point the camera and when they press the shutter (Partyka, 2009). Partyka has acknowledged that his photographs are descriptive, and that photography is a descriptive medium, but can a photograph ever be a pure representation of the real? As Partyka says, the description of an image is based on the photographers choice of where to point the camera and when to press the shutter, which immediately adds reference to the image. We cant help but look at what a photograph means. Photographs are placed in a context of viewing, and are subjected to analysis and interpretation at the very instance of looking. So, although Partyka has undoubtedly created very descriptive images, the referencing in his title, and the fact that images are analysed as soon as they are placed in a context of viewing, means his photographs are no longer purely descriptive. Can we ever have an account without analysis? It seems that we cannot. Even photographs that are meant to be purely descriptive are analysed and given meaning and reference as soon as they are placed within a context of viewing. This is similar to the Observer Effect popular in current interpretations of Quantum Mechanics.   This theory puts forward the postulate that by merely observing an object, the very nature of the object itself is changed: One of the most bizarre premises of quantum theory, which has long fascinated philosophers and physicists alike, states that by the very act of watching, the observer affects the observed reality (www.sciencedaily.com, 1998). Could it therefore be said that an image may remain purely descriptive as long as it is never viewed, and therefore never interpreted and given meaning? Possibly, but then we also have to discuss whether a photograph is made more than a pure representation when it is taken. When a photographer decides where to po int their camera, when to press the shutter, what to cut out of the image and what to include, it could be said that in that instant the photographer is not making an exact representation of reality, but an edited one. Therefore, it could also be said that we can never provide a purely descriptive representation of the real through photography. Chapter 3: Can we ever get back to the real? This brings us to the question; can we ever get back to the real? Were we even there in the first place?   Does descriptive realism actually exist in photography? This chapter will look at the theories and ideas of many photography theorists, as well as my own, and will attempt to answer these questions, and others. It will use work from various photographers, as well as several essays and books to endeavour to explore the notions of the real in relation to photography and contemporary culture, and to investigate if we can find, or re-find the real. Does descriptive realism exist? We cant help but look at what the photograph signifies and means. Even photographs that appear to be descriptive cannot escape being subjected to analysis and placed within a context of viewing. Everything in an image is symbolic once we begin to interpret it, and this begins at the very instance of looking. This is, as Roland Barthes says, great scorn for the realists who do not see that the photograph is always coded (Barthes, 2000: 88). Photographs can never be void of theoretical underpinnings, and any photographs that do appear to be purely realistic only do so in accord to what we expect a descriptive or realistic image to be like. Debord explains this perfectly in his discussion of theory; what is so droll, however, is that all the books which do analyse this phenomenon, usually to deplore it, cannot but join the spectacle if theyre to get attention (Debord, 1990: 5). Evidently we continue to encounter an endless cycle of referencing, which cannot be traced simply to the accepted beginnings of postmodernism. Photographs are analysed as soon as they are viewed. Perhaps they never were, and never will be void of reference and construction? Maybe they can never provide the clear, stable version of reality that we want from them? Conceptual photography attempts to show the truth by highlighting this dilemma. It attempts to parody the common notions of indexicality and truth in photographic representations, and in doing so, reveals this as the real. In their essay From Presence to Performative: Re-thinking Photographic Indexicality, David Green and Joanna Lowry look at notions of indexicality and truth in photographic representations. They discuss how photographs are indexical not just because light is recorded in an instant on a piece of photosensitive film, but also, because they were taken: the very act of photography, as a kind of performative gesture which points to an event in the world, as a form of designation that draws reality into the image field, is thus itself a form of indexicality. (Green and Lowry, 2003: 48). They discuss how conceptual photography attempts to parody the common notions of indexicality and truth in photographic representations, and in doing so, reveal this as the real: [conceptu al photographs] point to the real while reminding us that photography can never represent it (Green and Lowry, 200